Discovering England

Capital (and largest city)	London  51°30′N 0°7′W
Official language Recognized regional languages	English Cornish
Ethnic groups	87.5% White, 6.0% South Asian, 2.9% Black, 1.9% Mixed race, 0.8% Chinese, 0.8% Other.
Government	Non –devolved constituent country within a constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II and Prime minister of the united kingdom David Cameron
Legislature	Parliament of the united kingdom
Area	Total  130,395 km2 50,346 sq mi
Population	2011 census:                 53,013,000 Density: 407/km2  1,054.1/sq mi
Currency	Pound sterling (GBP)
Time zone Summer	GMT (UTC0) BST (UTC+1)
Drives on the	Left
Patron saint	Saint George

Toponomy

The name England is derived from the old English name Englaland, which means “land of the angles”. The angles were one of the Germanic tribes that appeared during early middle ages.

Prehistoric Britain

Homo antecessor has been the first evidence discovered in England, approximately 780.000 years ago. Different human bones have been discovered through the years. The oldest proto-human was discovered in England from 500.000 years ago. Also different remains of extinct animals were found in all the country. During different periods of time, especially in Iron Age, Celtics cultures that derived from Hallstatt and La Téne cultures, arrived from central Europe.  The Romans invaded the old Britain in AD 43 during the reign of Emperor Claudius.

New England

Actually England is part of United Kingdom, and its basic political system is a constitutional monarchy, a parliamentary system. At this time, England is governed directly by the parliament of the United Kingdom, tough other countries of the United Kingdom have devolved governments. Also this amazing country is a member of European Union. England has an English law legal system that consists in judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedents. England has one of the largest in the world; the official currency is the pound sterling and is a leader in the chemical, pharmaceutical sectors and the manufacturing side of the software industry.

In England people speak English language as its name suggest. Today, English is spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world. Actually the English language learning and teaching is an important economic activity and people can learn English to foreigner and to earn some money.

In England the Christianity is the most widely practiced religion, it was introduced by Romans. Today, 72% of English people identify as Christians. Another important point is the education, between three and four is nursery school, four and eleven is primary school, and eleven to sixteen is secondary school, after finishing compulsory education, pupils take an examination test. Following, they may decide to continue in further education for two years, the next step is university.

English Music

England has given rise to some of the world’s best music throughout history. In fact, as a country, it has led some of the world’s most significant musical movements and trends. English music has been notoriously diverse and culturally important. It was particularly influenced by European movements, but  there are also many forms of folk music (ballads, celtic chants, medieval carols, jigs, sea shantis, hornpipes, Morris dance music, etc.) that belongs to England regions exclusively.

One great england music movement began in the late Medieval and early Renaissance eras. There was a religious music tendency during this period and the following ones, but it increased especially in the 16th century due to the protestant reformation, which forced local musicians and composers to create diferent styles for worship, nationalism, etc.

Some representatives from the late Medieval and early Renaissance are:

Leonel Power (1375-1445) was an English composer. He was one of the major figures in English music in the early 15th century. He was a member and instructor to the choristers of the household chapel of Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence. He later joined the fraternity of Christ Church, Canterbury, and became master of the choristers. He was the composer best-represented and a major contributor of the “Old Hall” manuscripts.

 John Dunstaple or Dunstable 
(1390-1453) 
He was one of the famous English composers of polyphonic music active in the early 15th century. 
He was  very influential, not only in England but on the Europe continent, particularly in the developing style of the Burgundian School. 

John Taverner  
(1490-1545) 

 He  was an English composer and organist, considered as the most important of his era. 

Almost all his  music is vocal, and includes masses, magnificats and motets. The magnitude of his work is thought to date from the 1520s. 

    His best-known motet is "Dum Transisset Sabbatum".

Later, the Elizabethan Golden Age was marked by the emergence of the anthem, the madrigal, the masque, the Ayre and opera with the work of important composers such as John Dowland (1563-1626), Thomas Campion (1567-1620), John Farmer (1570-1601), Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625), Robert Johnson (1583-1634),Thomas Tallis (1505-1585) and William Byrd (1543-1623). Most of the musicians were in great demand at Court, country houses, local festivals and of course, in churches.

The Baroque era (1600 to 1750 approx.) was characterised by formalised orchestral classical music and saw the creation of functional tonality. Composers and performers used more elaborate musical ornamentation. They made changes in musical notation and developed new instrumental techniques, turning this style into something more dramatic and complex. In this period, opera was  established as a musical genre.

The Baroque style was especially popular amongst the royals and the elite)

 In the 1800’s, music began to evolve with the Industrial Revolution. Technological change made new instruments available and led to the development of brass bands (musical ensemble consisting entirely of brass instruments, often with a percussion section) were introduced and used to convey the typical classical styles of music in a more fun and modern way. In the British tradition,  these bands are composed of 28 players (including percussion). New types of music were also created, including the Music hall, which was originally tavern rooms which provided entertainment, in the form of music and speciality acts. The musical forms most associated with this evolved in part from traditional folk song and songs written for popular drama, becoming by the 1850s a distinct musical style. A music hall song usually consists of a series of verses sung by the performer alone, and a repeated chorus which carries the principal melody, and in which the audience is encouraged to join.

ENGLAND MAIN MOVEMENTS DURING 20TH CENTURY

Mod movement

Mod (from “modernist”  which was a term used in the 50’s to describe modern jazz musicians and fans) was a subcultural and music movement originated in London, England, in the late 50’s and peaked in the early-to-mid 60’s. Significant elements of the mod generation include fashion, music, including African American soul, Jamaican ska, British beat music, and R&B; and motor scooters as their main of transportation, such as the famous italian Vespa and Lambretta.

Mods were upper-working or middle-class people who gathered at all-night clubs such as The Roaring Twenties, The Scene, La Discothèque, The Flamingo and The Marquee in London to hear the latest records and to show off their italian and french style clothing and dance moves.

Mods were also associated with amphetamines use for estimulation and alertness instead of getting intoxicated by other drugs and alcohol. They generally bought a combined amphetamine/barbiturate called Drinamyl, which was known as "purple hearts" from dealers at clubs.

In regard to music, we found  The Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds and The Kinks all had a following among mods, but many bands also emerged such as The Small Faces, The Creation, The Action, The Smoke, John's Children and most successfully The Who.

By the summer of 1966, the mod scene declined abruptly. As psychedelic rock and the hippie subculture grew more popular in the United Kingdom, many people become estranged from the mod scene. Actually, The Who and Small Faces changed their musical styles and no longer considered themselves mods.

British invasion movement

British invasion movement was music movement that occurred in the mid 60’s when rock’n’roll music bands from the United Kingdom whose popularity spread rapidly to the United States. All these groups were undoubtedly able to elaborate easy and  catchy songs owed to the great american rock’n’roll, blues and R&B influences.

The Beatles were the band that marked the start of the British Invasion. Their arrival in the USA and subsequent appearance on The ED Sullivan Show generated great commotion in the American population. This event opened the american music market to many other important british bands that literally invaded the country, including  The Rolling Stones, The Animals,  The Who, The Kinks, The Yardbirds, The Hollies, The Honeycombs, The Dave Clark Five, etc.

 

Sample of the single "I want to hold your hand" (1964) which secured the band's international success when it achieved enormous US popularity.

Madchester and Brit-pop generations

The pre-madchester music scene had been dominated by bands such as The

Smiths, New Order, The Fall and James. Later, these bands were to become a

significant influence on the Madchester movement.

Madchester movement is refered to the music scene developed in Manchester, England, towards the end of the 80’s and into the early 90’s. Some artists associated with the scene are New Order, The Happy Mondays, The Stone Roses, Inspiral Carpets, Northside, 808 State, James, The Charlatans, The Fall, A Guy Called Gerald, and other bands who mixed styles such alternative rock, psychedelic rock and dance music to create a sound which led to commercial success in the indie rock field and a wider musical influence nationally.

The Haçienda nightclub was very influential in the development of popular culture in Manchester because it was a major catalyst for the distinctive musical ethos in the city.

A few years later, in the early mid of the 90’s emerged from the British independent music scene a subgenre of alternative rock known as Brit-pop. The movement was influenced by British pop music of the 60’s and 70’s. Some famous groups such as Suede and Blur were the front bands, which soon were joined by others including Oasis, Pulp, Supergrass, Sleeper, Elastica, Radiohead and The Verve. Post-Britpop bands were Coldplay, Stereophonics and Travis.

The Rise and The Fall of Brit-pop

For more information, visit the next websites:

http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/music.htm

http://www.england.org.za/england-music.php

Aditional references:

"A History of Music in England" by Ernest Walker 3rd. Rev. 1952